まずは、実際の英文を使って考えてみましょう。
“After all, those “other” societies encompass most of the world’s population and the vast majority of the world’s ethnic, cultural, and linguisticI groups. ”
『Jared Diamond Guns, Germs, And Steel: The Fates Of Human Societies -Why is World History Like an Onion?-』
英語の場合、主語、目的語、動詞は場所が決まっています。
ということは、逆に普段名詞として使っている単語が動詞の位置にきたりしてしまったら、 その意味でとらざえるを得ないのが英語ということです。
例えば、dogを動詞として、、
The police dogged the suspect.
例えばgoogleを動詞として、、
I google the word.
このように使うことができます。
This private investment and foreign assistance could transform Moldova—Europe’s poorest country—into the continent’s first truly green country. 引用:”How Europe’s Poorest Country Could Win the Green Energy Race” from TIME
→下記の２つのパターンに変換ができます。
①While Moldova remains Europe’s poorest country, this private investment and foreign assistance could turn it into the continent’s first truly green country.
②If this private investment and foreign assistance were provided, Moldova—Europe’s poorest country—might become the continent’s first truly green country.
The main point of paragraph [X] is that
Which of the following statements best describes the author’s ideas in paragraph [Y]?
The primary purpose of paragraph [Z] is to show that
「1つのパラグラフには1つの言いたいことがある」
というパラグラフ構造を意識して学習してきた学生であれば、
解くことができる問題ですが、
このようなことを考えずにいた学生がいきなり過去問を解くと苦労してしまいます。
パラグラフ内の構造が問われる問題も・・・
単にパラグラフの内容だけでなく、下記のようなパラグラフの構造が問われる問題も出題されています。
How can we describe the relationship between paragraphs [X] and [Y]?
The author mentions Poldrack’s brain scans in order to point out
下記のような設問文であったならば、推論問題です。
From the article, it can be inferred that the author thinks
It can be reasonably inferred from the article that the author
類推問題をやってみる
説明を聞いてもなかなかわからないので、実際に類推問題を解いてみましょう。
下記、オリジナル問題です。
[su_box title=" " style="glass"]One hundred and fifty million years ago, a young, bantam-sized, bird-like dinosaur became mired in a swamp in what is now southeastern China, and succumbed. Its fossilized remains, unearthed in 2022 and named Fujianvenator prodigiosus, show it to be one of the earliest bird-like dinosaurs to date from the Jurassic period. The researchers describe their discovery in a paper published today in Nature.
“This is really a weird animal within the group of birds,” says Mark Loewen, a palaeontologist at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, who was not involved in the discovery.
The creature had oddly lanky legs and might have lacked the ability to fly. It also doesn't seem to conform to the accepted bird-evolution story. quoted from "‘Weird’ Dinosaur Prompts Rethink of Bird Evolution" in 「Scientific American」
[/su_box]
Question:
Based on the passage, which of the following conclusions can most likely be inferred about Fujianvenator prodigiosus?
a,The discovery of Fujianvenator prodigiosus might challenge the traditional understanding of bird evolution.
b,Mark Loewen was a key researcher in the discovery of Fujianvenator prodigiosus.
c,All bird-like dinosaurs from the Jurassic period have been discovered in China.
d,Fujianvenator prodigiosus was the only bird-like dinosaur from the Jurassic period.
[su_spoiler title="答えはクリックで表示。" icon="plus-square-2"]
a,The discovery of Fujianvenator prodigiosus might challenge the traditional understanding of bird evolution.
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解いてもらったらわかりますが、類推問題は消去法で解いてください。
早稲田教育の内容一致問題
内容一致問題は、下記のような設問タイプで複数パラグラフから探す場合は非常に骨が折れます
Which of the following statements about the content of paragraphs [X]-[Y] is true?
Western civilization’s foray into Asia brought about intricate changes in the tapestry of the continent. The 19th-century colonial pursuits introduced a spectrum of Western thought, technological advances, and cultural nuances. These colonial footprints led to the inception of European linguistic capacities and the adoption of governance structures reminiscent of Western paradigms. The debate surrounding these influences oscillates between the spectrum of modernization and the erosion of indigenous values. The confluence of Eastern and Western dynamics has fashioned a unique cultural mosaic, with the reverberations of this historical interaction continuing to influence the contemporary Asian landscape.
Firstly, it’s important to understand that when Western civilization ventured into Asia, it caused significant and complex changes across the entire continent. For instance, in the 19th century, as European countries pursued colonial ambitions, they brought with them a range of Western ideas, cutting-edge technologies, and distinct cultural practices. As a result of this colonization, many Asian regions began to learn European languages and even adopted governance systems that were similar to those in the West. Moreover, there has been an ongoing debate about these changes: on one hand, some believe they brought about modernization; on the other hand, there’s a perspective that it led to the fading of local traditions and values. Interestingly, as the East met the West, a special blend of cultures emerged. In fact, this blending of traditions and influences still plays a role in shaping modern-day Asia.
◽︎理論名 + be動詞の部分:”Quantum mechanics is….” 、”Cell theory is….”
◽︎理論名 + , (カンマ)で結ばれている同格の部分:”Quantum mechanics, a fundamental theory in physics that describes the physical properties of nature at small scales,”、”Cell theory, a scientific theory which describes the properties and organization of cells,”
On Thursday, many of the globe’s premier natural history museums unveiled a comprehensive overview of all the items in their exhibits.
単語を変換した場合・・
“many of the globe’s premier” は “Dozens of the world’s largest” の言い換えで、世界中の最も有名なものを指します。
“unveiled” は “revealed” の言い換えで、公開するという意味があります。
“comprehensive overview” は “a survey” の言い換えで、全体的な概観や調査を意味します。
“items in their exhibits” は “everything in their collections” の言い換えで、彼らの展示品の中のアイテムや物品を指します。
また、同じ文章を文章の構造を変換した場合は、下記のように変換ができます。
On Thursday, a comprehensive survey encompassing all items in their exhibits was unveiled by dozens of the world’s premier natural history museums.
文構造を変換した場合・・・
“On Thursday” 文章の主題よりも先に持ってきて、”a comprehensive survey” として強調しています。
“was unveiled by” は受動態を用いて、”revealed” の情報を導入しています。
“dozens of the world’s premier natural history museums” は、文章の最後に位置しているため、この情報の強調度が高くなっています。
→下記の２つのパターンに変換ができます。
①While Moldova remains Europe’s poorest country, this private investment and foreign assistance could turn it into the continent’s first truly green country.
②If this private investment and foreign assistance were provided, Moldova—Europe’s poorest country—might become the continent’s first truly green country.
例えば、元の文が “The cherry blossom festival is a significant event in Japan celebrated every spring.”
ならば、これを “Japan celebrates the cherry blossom festival every spring.” と効果的に短縮することができます。
